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Nuclear safety and security covers the actions taken to prevent nuclear and radiation accidents or to limit their consequences. This covers nuclear power plants as well as all other nuclear facilities, the transportation of nuclear materials, and the use and storage of nuclear materials for medical, power, industry, and military uses. The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed new and safer reactor designs. However, a perfect safety cannot be guaranteed. Potential sources of problems include human errors and external events that have a greater impact than anticipated: The designers of reactors at Fukushima in Japan did not anticipate that a tsunami generated by an earthquake would disable the backup systems that were supposed to stabilize the reactor after the earthquake.〔Phillip Lipscy, Kenji Kushida, and Trevor Incerti. 2013. "(The Fukushima Disaster and Japan’s Nuclear Plant Vulnerability in Comparative Perspective )." ''Environmental Science and Technology'' 47 (May), 6082–6088.〕〔 According to UBS AG, the Fukushima I nuclear accidents have cast doubt on whether even an advanced economy like Japan can master nuclear safety. Catastrophic scenarios involving terrorist attacks, insider sabotage, and cyberattacks are also conceivable. In his book, ''Normal accidents'', Charles Perrow says that multiple and unexpected failures are built into society's complex and tightly-coupled nuclear reactor systems. Such accidents are unavoidable and cannot be designed around. To date, there have been three serious accidents (core damage) in the world since 1970, involving five reactors (one at Three Mile Island in 1979; one at Chernobyl in 1986; and three at Fukushima-Daiichi in 2011), corresponding to the beginning of the operation of generation II reactors. Nuclear weapon safety, as well as the safety of military research involving nuclear materials, is generally handled by agencies different from those that oversee civilian safety, for various reasons, including secrecy. There are ongoing concerns about terrorist groups acquiring nuclear bomb-making material. == Overview of nuclear processes and safety issues == , nuclear safety considerations occur in a number of situations, including: : * Nuclear fission power used in nuclear power stations, and nuclear submarines and ships : * Nuclear weapons : * Fissionable fuels such as uranium and plutonium and their extraction, storage and use : * Radioactive materials used for medical, diagnostic, batteries for some space projects, and research purposes : * Nuclear waste, the radioactive waste residue of nuclear materials : * Nuclear fusion power, a technology under long-term development : * Unplanned entry of nuclear materials into the biosphere and food chain (living plants, animals and humans) if breathed or ingested. With the exception of thermonuclear weapons and experimental fusion research, all safety issues specific to nuclear power stems from the need to limit the biological uptake of committed dose (ingestion or inhalation of radioactive materials), and external radiation dose due to radioactive contamination. Nuclear safety therefore covers at minimum: - : * Extraction, transportation, storage, processing, and disposal of fissionable materials : * Safety of nuclear power generators : * Control and safe management of nuclear weapons, nuclear material capable of use as a weapon, and other radioactive materials : * Safe handling, accountability and use in industrial, medical and research contexts : * Disposal of nuclear waste : * Limitations on exposure to radiation 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nuclear safety and security」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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